During the interwar period on through the advent of World War II, Ukrainian Catholic laity living in Galicia began to take a more active role in the promotion of the Catholic Faith and the rebuilding of Ukrainian social and political structures in an authentically Christian manner. This form of Ukrainian Catholic Action, like its Western relatives, was inspired by Pope Pius XI, and with the same confusing consequences. For unlike his predecessor, St. Pius X, who saw Catholic Action as a lay movement for the restoration of Christian Civilization which is only under the indirect authority of the Church, Pius XI’s understanding appears to contemplate—or was interpreted to contemplate—a more direct dependency of Catholic Action on the Church’s hierarchy. (For a far more detailed discussion of this matter, one should consult Bishop Bernard Tissier de Mallerais’s “Catholic Action Defined.”) As Bohdan Budorowycz discusses in his illuminating article, “The Greek Catholic Church in Galicia, 1914-1944,” 26 Harvard Ukrainian Studies 291 (2002/03), the Ukrainian Catholic Action movement was split between “conservative” groups which remained closely tethered to the supervision of the hierarchy and “liberals” which operated with more independence. While some were skeptical of the formation of Ukrainian Catholic Action groups, “it was argued . . . [that] the members of Catholic Action could contribute to raising the level of spiritual life by assisting local priests in their work, by combating the growing influence of various religious sects, by trying to prevent the alienation of the younger generation from the Church and Church-sponsored organizations, and by generally exerting a constructive influence in public life” (pg. 315).