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Category: Catholic Social Thought

July 29, 2014 Catholic Social Thought, Economics, Law

Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry’s Dissent from CST

Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry (PEG), a neo-Catholic economic liberal, is taking umbrage with Patrick Deneen’s claim at Ethika Politika that those whom the latter refers to as “neoconservative Catholics” (see my brief thoughts on that here) “have tended, then, to read the Church’s teaching on sexual ethics to be inviolable, but Catholic social teaching regarding economics to be a set of broad and even vague guidelines.” PEG goes on to pitch a fit, claiming that the distinction Deneen attributes to neoconservative Catholics is the very distinction the Catholic Church herself maintains. To back up his claim, PEG lifts a passage from the Catechism that happens to be quoting a very small section of Pope John Paul II’s Centesimus Annus which, according to PEG, is “thoroughly platitudinous” as compared to the Catechism’s section on abortion. Even so, that hardly means the Church’s social magisterium, or what we commonly call Catholic Social Teaching (CST), is nothing but a set of platitudes and hortatory declarations with no binding force. Even if CST were comprised of nothing but vague and highly abstract guidelines, it wouldn’t mean that they are due less accord than the more apodictic statements the Church has made on topics such as abortion, fornication, and marriage. However, the Church’s social magisterium is not nearly as vague or abstract as PEG intimates, and the whole of it cannot be captured by appealing to a partial passage from a single encyclical.

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July 28, 2014 Catholic Social Thought, Law

Legal Realism and Conceptual Clarity

Two Catholic bloggers/writers of rather different ideological temperaments — Elizabeth Stoker Bruenig (ESB) and Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry (PEG) — got into an interesting, but somewhat strange, back-and-forth last week over the proper Christian conception of property rights. (You can find a brief summary here.) I call it strange because the term “legal realism” was thrown around to mean something other than what “legal realism” has, conceptually speaking, meant for nearly a century. According to ESB, legal realism — or Christian legal realism or Augustinian legal realism or whatever — , when applied to property at least, is the view that rights are conventional and can be rearranged across time and location. Or, as PEG summarizes, legal realism, according to ESB, “is merely a descriptive theory, not a prescriptive one, and that all it does is note that different property arrangements exist at different times.” But that’s hardly a novel insight. The opening paragraphs of Gaius’ Institutes, where the great Roman jurist distinguishes the civil law from what he calls the law of nations, is predicated on the rather banal observation that different polities have different laws, though Gaius certainly believed that there were laws — the law of nations — which were universally held valid. If anything, a descriptive account of different legal rules — or that there are different legal rules — today falls under the umbrella of legal positivism. The question which legal theorists of different stripes have wrestled with for centuries is not whether legal rules are different, but whether they are right. Even when legal positivists claim to engaged in a purely descriptive enterprise, there is a not-so-subtle normative claim embedded in their thinking that the validity/invalidity of a particular legal rule or system cannot be properly adjudicated. As men embrace and discard different conceptions of justice, different legal orders will emerge. So what then is legal realism?

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July 28, 2014 Catholic Social Thought, Economics

Neoconservatism and Conceptual Clarity

Last week Artur Rosman published a very informative interview with Patrick Deneen at Ethika Politika entitled “The Neo-Conservative Imagination.” In it, Deneen discusses, among other things, the disconnect that exists within what he calls “neoconservative Catholics,” specifically their orthodox view on sexuality morality and their heterodox view on Catholic Social Teaching (CST). While I have no disagreement with him that there is a disconnect, I think the interview — and a lot of critical writing on what I will broadly call economic liberalism within Catholicism — could have taken more care to be conceptually clear. Let me see if I can sort it out.

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July 16, 2014 Catholic Social Thought, Economics, Politics

Capitalist Distractions

This should be unnecessary, but alas it is not. To those who have come across this blog in the last day and are, intentionally or unintentionally, inclined to make a fundamental interpretive error, let me be clear: Rejecting capitalist ideology is not tantamount to accepting communism. Other formulations which clarify that the Catholic critique of capitalism, as embedded in the Church’s social magisterium, is not a call for communal property, command planning, or the elimination of markets if, by “markets,” one means the exchange of goods and services.

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July 12, 2014 Catholic Social Thought, Integralism, Theology

A Note on Illiberal Catholicism

Thursday’s post, “The Other Illiberal Catholicism,” became an inadvertent source of confusion—if not scandal—for some well-intentioned folks on Facebook and Twitter. To be honest, I don’t know why. The post was not written, as some have suggested, to dismiss the form, brand, school, etc. of illiberal Catholicism discussed and defended by Patrick Deneen. Rather, the post was intended to highlight the “other wing” of illiberal Catholicism, one which may fittingly be titled “traditionalist illiberal Catholicism” or, if one prefers, “integralist illiberal Catholicism” (or just “integralism”). The lines between the camps can get blurry, however—and that’s a good thing. Too often Catholics of a certain stripe grow complacent with insider speak and preaching to their own choir. They deny that there is anything useful or right to learn from another perspective and so they dismiss it a priori. Before anyone jumps to conclusions, I am not, in this instance, referring primarily to traditional Catholics. In today’s mainstream Catholic theological-philosophical environment, contestable positions such as the rejection of natura pura, the dismissal of the commentarial tradition, and the backwatering of Scholastic precision are used as litmus tests of (academic) orthodoxy. Communio, according to some, is the only real bulwark against the theological excesses and errors which broke out in the Catholic Church after the Second Vatican Council and any attempt to “dabble” in the pre-conciliar social magisterium is rendered automatically suspect.

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July 10, 2014 Catholic Social Thought, Integralism, Politics

The Other Illiberal Catholicism

Several months ago University of Notre Dame Professor Patrick Deneen made a bit of a splash with his American Conservative piece, “A Catholic Showdown Worth Watching.” The article was occasioned, in part, by neo-Catholic apologist John Zmirak’s “Illiberal Catholicism,” a childish polemic which inadvertently gave rise to a number of Catholics, including yours truly, adopting the title of Zmirak’s piece as their new moniker. Deneen doesn’t go quite that far terminologically with respect to himself and a host of other Catholic thinkers he identifies as anti-liberal: Alasdair MacIntyre, David Schindler, William Cavanaugh, John Medaille, C.C. Pecknold, and Andrew Haines, along with many of the contributors to Ethika Politika. Deneen prefers the label “radical Catholic,” though at the end of the day they oppose the ideology Zmirak and the old neo-Catholic guard—the late Fr. Richard John Neuhaus, Michael Novak, and George Weigel—strenuously defended: the unnatural union of Catholicism and liberalism, specifically American-style liberal democracy. While neo-Catholicism spent a great deal of the 1990s and 00s allied with neoconservatism and the Republican Party, a sizable wave of Americanist Catholics are now embracing the tenets of high-octane economic liberalism and social freedom, better known as libertarianism. Some examples include Tom Woods and Jeffrey Tucker along with many of the movers-and-shakers at the Acton Institute.

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July 7, 2014 Catholic Social Thought, Economics, Law, Politics

Catholic Libertarianism Still Gets It Wrong

Not too long ago, after delivering a talk on a phenomenon I describe as “Catholic libertarianism,” I was informed by one critic that I had over-stated the problem and that a few peripheral voices, like Tom Woods, had no real impact on Catholic socio-economic thought. As much as I wish that were the case, I don’t think it is. On the Catholic libertarian landscape, Woods may be an extremist, but he’s hardly an isolated case. One doesn’t have to look very far to see libertarian ideology being fused with, or favored over, Catholic Social Teaching (CST). Take, for instance, Mark DeForrest’s recent contribution to The Imaginative Conservative: “Can Catholicism and Libertarianism Co-Exist?” While it doesn’t break any new ground in the field of Catholic apologetics for libertarianism, it usefully reveals some of the problems with that line of apologetics.

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July 3, 2014 Catholic Social Thought, Law, Politics

Tomorrow Liberty?

Tomorrow Christendom, the late Abbot Dom Gerard Calvet’s call for the reestablishment of Christian society, is a book seldom read by Catholics on this side of the pond. In fact, the English translation is now out of print. Even if it were widely available still, would we, good Catholics of America, have the cultural tools to comprehend its message? A resplendent glimpse of that message can be found in Calvet’s 1985 Pentecost sermon, what I and others have dubbed “The Illiberal Catholic Manifesto.” In it you will find a call to reclaim society not for free-market ideology or hawkish nationalism, but for our Lord Jesus Christ, King of all creation, rightful ruler of every man and nation. How foreign—how moth-eaten—that call must seem to us as we prepare to binge on beer and hotdogs before blowing off the tips of our fingers with illicitly acquired fireworks, all to honor the colonial rebellion against Great Britain in the name of libertas.

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June 29, 2014 Catholic Social Thought, Politics

Inaction

The other day I was chatting with an online acquaintance about Jean Ousset’s Action (IHS Press 2002). First serialized in French in 1966/67, the work represents Oussett’s pinnacle contribution to classic Catholic social thought and yet remains largely ignored by contemporary Catholics. Though Ousset was in no sense the last of Catholicism’s great counterrevolutionary thinkers, he was one of the last to direct the majority of his energy to problems outside the Church rather than the multitude of those metastasizing within her. Action was composed right at the point when liberalism tipped the balance of power within the Catholic Church, distorting doctrine, renovating the liturgy, and confusing (if not scandalizing) the faithful along the way. Since that time faithful Catholics concerned about the direction of the (post)modern world have contended themselves with refreshing our understanding of the principles of right order drawn from the time-honored teachings of the Church and her most steadfast theologians. As laudable as that work is, it is also true that it is not enough. Ousset recognized as much; he knew that firm principles, rooted in the truth, must be accompanied by action. Catholics are not allowed, according to Ousset, to sit back and wait for better times; they cannot tempt God into doing the work of restoration for us. Ousset, unlike many today, took St. Augustine’s following dictum with the utmost seriousness: “Work as if everything depends on you. Pray as if everything depends on God.”

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June 27, 2014 Catholic Social Thought, Economics, Politics

The Capitalist Spirit

In his Essay on the Economic Effects of the Reformation (IHS Press 2003) (1923), the Irish historian and economist George O’Brien defined “the capitalist spirit” as the “distinctive point of view…[in which] the accumulation of wealth is looked on as a good in itself” and “economic activity and gain become ends in themselves and not merely means to an end.” From this “spirit” comes two overarching normative claims about economic life, both of which are antithetical to Christianity.

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